Virgil - Revision history

DavidWalker at 10:30, 13 February 2022

2022-02-13T10:30:52Z

DavidWalker at 10:58, 23 December 2014

2014-12-23T10:58:06Z

DavidWalker at 10:56, 23 December 2014

2014-12-23T10:56:20Z

PeterWilson at 10:34, 24 March 2011

2011-03-24T10:34:35Z

PeterWilson at 17:17, 31 December 2009

2009-12-31T17:17:58Z

PeterWilson at 11:06, 6 July 2009

2009-07-06T11:06:11Z

PeterWilson at 15:45, 8 March 2009

2009-03-08T15:45:48Z

PeterWilson at 14:48, 8 March 2009

2009-03-08T14:48:43Z

DavidWalker at 16:31, 7 March 2009

2009-03-07T16:31:04Z

DavidWalker at 16:30, 7 March 2009

2009-03-07T16:30:14Z

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 '''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.
-'''Virgil''' was born near Mantua (modern Mantova) and in the course of his education spent time in Cremona, Milan and, finally, Rome. During the last decade or more of his life he lived near Naples with occasional visits to Sicily. By his early thirties he had attracted the attention of (Gaius) Maecenas, the great literary patron of the period, and a friend of Octavian; and throughout the last twenty years of his life he enjoyed the patronage of both Maecenas and Octavian. (After he became emperor Octavian, now Augustus, took a keen interest in the ''Aeneid'' and encouraged '''Virgil''' in its composition - see below.)
+'''Virgil''' was born near Mantua (modern Mantova) and in the course of his education spent time in Cremona, Milan and, finally, Rome. During the last decade or more of his life he lived near Naples with occasional visits to Sicily. By his early thirties he had attracted the attention of (Gaius) [[Maecenas]], the great literary patron of the period, and a friend of Octavian; and throughout the last twenty years of his life he enjoyed the patronage of both [[Maecenas]] and Octavian. (After he became emperor Octavian, now Augustus, took a keen interest in the ''Aeneid'' and encouraged '''Virgil''' in its composition - see below.)
 '''Virgil''' is the author of three major poetic works.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:58, 23 December 2014
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−	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro. See also [[Pronunciation of Latin proper names]].) The[[adjective]] used in English to describe the man or his writing is '''Virgilian'''.	+	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro. See also [[Pronunciation of Latin proper names]].) The [[adjective]] used in English to describe the man or his writing is '''Virgilian'''.

	'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.		'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.

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 '''Virgil''' is the author of three major poetic works.
-*The ''Eclogues'' (or ''Bucolics'') is a collection of ten poems modelled on the ''Idylls'' of the Greek poet Theocritus (?310-?250 BCE). The poems in the ''Eclogues'' are [[pastoral]]s: they deal with rural themes, painting an idealised picture of life in the country and recounting incidents in the lives of shepherds. (''Eclogues'' is the English version of the Latin word ''eclogae'', which in turn is a transliteration of the Greek ''eklogai'' (â€™ÎµÎºÎ»Î¿Î³Î±Î¯), meaning: selections. ''Eclogae'' may not have been the title which '''Virgil''' himself gave to this collection of poems.)
+*The ''Eclogues'' (or ''Bucolics'') is a collection of ten poems modelled on the ''Idylls'' of the Greek poet Theocritus (?310-?250 BCE). The poems in the ''Eclogues'' are [[pastoral]]s: they deal with rural themes, painting an idealised picture of life in the country and recounting incidents in the lives of shepherds. (''Eclogues'' is the English version of the Latin word ''eclogae'', which in turn is a transliteration of the Greek ''eklogai'' (ἐκλογαί), meaning: selections. ''Eclogae'' may not have been the title which '''Virgil''' himself gave to this collection of poems.)
-*The ''Georgics'' is a set of four longer poems which deal with the life and duties of farmers. The ''[[Georgic]]s'' - Latin ''Georgica'', again a transliteration of the Greek ''georgika'' (Î³ÎµÏ‰ÏÎ³Î¹ÎºÎ¬), meaning 'matters related to farming' - is loosely based on another Greek model, the ''Works and Days'' of the eighth century poet Hesiod. '''Virgil''''s father was a farmer, and it is probable that in writing the ''Georgics'' he drew on his childhood experiences of his father's farm.
+*The ''Georgics'' is a set of four longer poems which deal with the life and duties of farmers. The ''[[Georgic]]s'' - Latin ''Georgica'', again a transliteration of the Greek ''georgika'' (γεωργικά), meaning 'matters related to farming' - is loosely based on another Greek model, the ''Works and Days'' of the eighth century poet Hesiod. '''Virgil''''s father was a farmer, and it is probable that in writing the ''Georgics'' he drew on his childhood experiences of his father's farm.
 *The ''Aeneid'', the [[epic]] poem which tells the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas, is indisputably the greatest of '''Virgil''''s works. '''Virgil''' took as his model for the ''Aeneid'' the [[Homer]]ic epics, the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey''. Books I-VI of the ''Aeneid'', which tell of Aeneas' wanderings after the fall of Troy and of his arrival in Italy, are based on the ''Odyssey'', while Books VII-XII, which tell of Aeneas' battles in Italy, are based on the ''Iliad''. The ''Aeneid'' ends with the foundation of Lavinium, a city which, according to mythology, had strong links with the future city of Rome; and the poem contains a number of 'prophecies' of Rome's future greatness. The ''Aeneid'' can therefore be seen as a kind of national epic, and this was no doubt one of the reasons why the emperor Augustus encouraged '''Virgil''' in the composition of the work: he saw it as helpful in fostering acceptance of the new political order he had established. At the time of '''Virgil''''s death in 19 BCE the ''Aeneid'' still needed revision; and in fact '''Virgil''' had stipulated that should he die before being able to complete this revision, the manuscript should be destroyed. Augustus, however, overrode '''Virgil''''s wishes and insisted on publication.

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-'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro. See also [[Pronunciation of Latin proper names]].) The [[adjective]] used to describe the man or his writing is '''Virgilian'''.
+'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro. See also [[Pronunciation of Latin proper names]].) The[[adjective]] used in English to describe the man or his writing is '''Virgilian'''.
 '''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.
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 [[Category:Latin]][[Category:Culture]][[Category:European culture]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 31 December 2009
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−	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro.) The [[adjective]] used to describe the man or his writing is '''Virgilian'''.	+	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro. See also [[Pronunciation of Latin proper names]].) The [[adjective]] used to describe the man or his writing is '''Virgilian'''.

	'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.		'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 8 March 2009
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−	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro.)	+	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro.) The [[adjective]] used to describe the man or his writing is '''Virgilian'''.

	'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.		'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:48, 8 March 2009
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−	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius ~~Vergilius~~ Maro.)	+	'''Virgil''' (70-19 BCE) is generally acknowledged as the greatest of the Latin poets. (''''Virgil'''' is the traditional English spelling, but 'V'''e'''rgil' would be more accurate since '''Virgil''''s full name in Latin was Publius V'''<big>e</big>'''rgilius Maro.)

	'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.		'''Virgil''''s life spanned one of the most turbulent periods in Roman history. He witnessed the final years of the Roman Republic, which were marked by public disorder and rivalry between great generals such as Julius Caesar and Pompey; the Civil War which followed the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and Cassius in 44 and ended in 31 with the victory of Octavian (Caesar's heir) at the battle of Actium; and the establishment of a new (monarchical) system of government with Octavian, now known as Augustus, as the first of the Roman emperors.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:31, 7 March 2009
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	The influence of the ''Aeneid'' on later Latin writers and on European literature generally can scarcely be overestimated. Its language, along with that of the orator [[Cicero]] (106-43 BCE), came to be regarded as definitive of the Classical Latin language; and the poem became a model which influenced not only later Latin poets but poets writing in other languages. In particular, [[Dante]] (1265-1321 CE) took the ''Aeneid'' as his model for the ''Commedia'', the [[epic]] poem in which he narrates his imaginary journey through the afterlife; and it is the figure of '''Virgil''' who is [[Dante]]'s guide through Hell and Purgatory, the first two of the three stages of this journey.		The influence of the ''Aeneid'' on later Latin writers and on European literature generally can scarcely be overestimated. Its language, along with that of the orator [[Cicero]] (106-43 BCE), came to be regarded as definitive of the Classical Latin language; and the poem became a model which influenced not only later Latin poets but poets writing in other languages. In particular, [[Dante]] (1265-1321 CE) took the ''Aeneid'' as his model for the ''Commedia'', the [[epic]] poem in which he narrates his imaginary journey through the afterlife; and it is the figure of '''Virgil''' who is [[Dante]]'s guide through Hell and Purgatory, the first two of the three stages of this journey.

−	[[Category:Latin]][[Category:Culture]][[European culture]]	+	[[Category:Latin]][[Category:Culture]][[Category:European culture]]

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 *The ''Georgics'' is a set of four longer poems which deal with the life and duties of farmers. The ''Georgics'' - Latin ''Georgica'', again a transliteration of the Greek ''georgika'' (Î³ÎµÏ‰ÏÎ³Î¹ÎºÎ¬), meaning: matters related to farming - is loosely based on another Greek model, the ''Works and Days'' of the eighth century poet Hesiod. '''Virgil''''s father was a farmer, and it is probable that in writing the ''Georgics'' he drew on his childhood experiences of his father's farm.
-*The ''Aeneid'', the [[epic]] poem which tells the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas, is indisputably the greatest of '''Virgil''''s works. '''Virgil''' took as his model for the ''Aeneid'' the Homeric epics, the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey''. Books I-VI of the ''Aeneid'', which tell of Aeneas' wanderings after the fall of Troy and of his arrival in Italy, are based on the ''Odyssey'', while Books VII-XII, which tell of Aeneas' battles in Italy, are based on the ''Iliad''. The ''Aeneid'' ends with the foundation of Lavinium, a city which, according to mythology, had strong links with the future city of Rome; and the poem contains a number of 'prophecies' of Rome's future greatness. The ''Aeneid'' can therefore be seen as a kind of national epic, and this was no doubt one of the reasons why the emperor Augustus encouraged '''Virgil''' in the composition of the work: he saw it as helpful in fostering acceptance of the new political order he had established. At the time of '''Virgil''''s death in 19 BCE the ''Aeneid'' still needed revision; and in fact '''Virgil''' had stipulated that should he die before being able to complete this revision, the manuscript should be destroyed. Augustus, however, overrode '''Virgil''''s wishes and insisted on publication.
+*The ''Aeneid'', the [[epic]] poem which tells the story of the Trojan hero Aeneas, is indisputably the greatest of '''Virgil''''s works. '''Virgil''' took as his model for the ''Aeneid'' the [[Homer]]ic epics, the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey''. Books I-VI of the ''Aeneid'', which tell of Aeneas' wanderings after the fall of Troy and of his arrival in Italy, are based on the ''Odyssey'', while Books VII-XII, which tell of Aeneas' battles in Italy, are based on the ''Iliad''. The ''Aeneid'' ends with the foundation of Lavinium, a city which, according to mythology, had strong links with the future city of Rome; and the poem contains a number of 'prophecies' of Rome's future greatness. The ''Aeneid'' can therefore be seen as a kind of national epic, and this was no doubt one of the reasons why the emperor Augustus encouraged '''Virgil''' in the composition of the work: he saw it as helpful in fostering acceptance of the new political order he had established. At the time of '''Virgil''''s death in 19 BCE the ''Aeneid'' still needed revision; and in fact '''Virgil''' had stipulated that should he die before being able to complete this revision, the manuscript should be destroyed. Augustus, however, overrode '''Virgil''''s wishes and insisted on publication.
 The influence of the ''Aeneid'' on later Latin writers and on European literature generally can scarcely be overestimated. Its language, along with that of the orator [[Cicero]] (106-43 BCE), came to be regarded as definitive of the Classical Latin language; and the poem became a model which influenced not only later Latin poets but poets writing in other languages. In particular, [[Dante]] (1265-1321 CE) took the ''Aeneid'' as his model for the ''Commedia'', the [[epic]] poem in which he narrates his imaginary journey through the afterlife; and it is the figure of '''Virgil''' who is [[Dante]]'s guide through Hell and Purgatory, the first two of the three stages of this journey.
-[[Category:Latin]][[Category:Culture]]
+[[Category:Latin]][[Category:Culture]][[European culture]]